Awareness of COVID-19 in Severe Dementia Patients

Awareness of the COVID-19 outbreak and resultant depressive tendencies in patients with severe Alzheimer's disease

Tokyo, Japan – The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has substantially affected patients with dementia and their caregivers. Owing to the restrictive measures taken worldwide to block the spread of COVID-19 outbreaks (including the declaration of a state of emergency in Japan), patients with dementia and their caregivers have not been able to receive the usual support and care. Therefore, this is expected to lead to adverse effects on the patients and their caregivers, and many investigators have warned about the risks [1–3]. In fact, many scheduled appointments for routine outpatients’ examinations and care services have been canceled and postponed owing to the COVID-19 outbreak.

When dementia outpatients came to our clinic for their postponed outpatient appointments after the state of emergency declaration was lifted, we found that some patients were afraid of COVID-19 infection whereas some were not. We noticed that patients with severe dementia tended to be less susceptible to COVID-19 than patients with mild dementia in the daily clinical setting. Based on the hypothesis that patients with severe dementia tend to be unaware of the COVID-19 outbreak and hence may be less depressed, we compared the rate of recognition of the COVID-19 outbreak and resultant depressive tendencies between patients with mild dementia and those with severe dementia.

In this study published in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) [4] are included in this study because the depressive tendency depends on the cause of dementia. A total of 126 consecutive outpatients with AD from the Memory Disorder Clinic at the Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, were enrolled in this study from May 25, on the day when the declaration of emergency was lifted, to June 30, 2020. In addition to the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) [5] and Geriatric Depression Scale - Short Version (GDS-S) [6] performed as routine psychological tests, the participants were asked the following 2 questions: “Do you know COVID-19?” and “Why are you wearing a face mask?” The patients were divided into the mild AD group (MMSE score ≥ 22, n = 51) and the moderate to severe AD group (MMSE score < 22, n = 75), and the results of the neuropsychological tests and the two questions were compared. During the state of emergency, none of the patients had received a diagnosis of COVID-19 or had required any treatment changes or additional treatments owing to Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD). Consistent with our hypothesis, AD patients with moderate to severe cognitive impairment were found to have a low COVID-19 recognition rate and did not fully understand why they were wearing face masks.

In addition, because they did not understand the seriousness of the COVID-19 outbreak, their GDS scores were also substantially lower (Table 1).

Table 1. Awareness of COVID-19 and mental status in Alzheimer's disease

MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; GDS-S, Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Version
*p < 0.0001 vs Mild AD

These results may appear to simply indicate that people with severe dementia are unaware of current events. However, these results provide us with insights into how to care for patients with dementia and how to efficiently use of the time and support of our limited staff during the COVID-19 outbreak. A previous study demonstrated that the COVID-19 outbreak adversely affected not only cognition and neuropsychiatric symptoms but also the functional independence of patients with dementia [1]. Therefore, our results indicate that for patients with moderate to severe cognitive impairment, it may be useful to prioritize prevention of their cognitive decline and maintenance of their functional independence, whereas for those with mild cognitive impairment, it may be useful to prioritize reducing psychological stress and preventing neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as depression. Moreover, when explaining the necessity of wearing a face mask to patients with moderate to severe dementia, it is necessary to persuade them to wear a mask, as they do not understand COVID-19. Not only because they are unaware of COVID-19 that moderate to severe dementia patients are less prone to depression, but also it should be remembered that their caregivers have made great efforts trying to prevent patients from becoming depressed. Therefore, it will be important to also investigate the depressive tendencies of caregivers during the COVID-19 outbreak.

Although these findings are limited because they were obtained from a single memory clinic and small sample size, our results provide suggestions as to how to care for patients with dementia during the COVID-19 outbreak. This study provides insights into ways of caring for people with dementia while the COVID-19 outbreak continues, as we must work to provide appropriate care to old patients with dementia during all situations.

References

[1] Canevelli M, Valletta M, Blasi MT, Remoli G, Sarti G, Nuti F, Sciancalepore F, Ruberti E, Cesari M, Bruno G (2020) Facing dementia during the COVID-19 outbreak. J Am Geriatr Soc 68, 1673-1676.
[2] Korczyn AD (2020) Dementia in the COVID-19 period. J Alzheimers Dis 75, 1071-1072.
[3] Wang H, Li T, Barbarino P, Gauthier S, Brodaty H, Molinuevo JL, Xie H, Sun Y, Yu E, Tang Y, Weidner W, Yu X (2020) Dementia care during COVID-19. Lancet 395, 1190-1191.
[4] McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, Hyman BT, Jack CR Jr, Kawas CH, Klunk WE, Koroshetz WJ, Manly JJ, Mayeux R, Mohs RC, Morris JC, Rossor MN, Scheltens P, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Weintraub S, Phelps CH (2011) The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 7, 263-269.
[5] Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR (1975) "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 12, 189-198.
[6] Sheikh JI, Yesavage JA (1986) Geriatic Depression Scale (GDS). Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clin Gerontol 5, 165-173.

(Image: Corresponding author Dr. Soichiro Shimizu)

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NOTES FOR EDITORS
Full openly available study: “Awareness of the COVID-19 Outbreak and Resultant Depressive Tendencies in Patients with Severe Alzheimer’s Disease" by Akito Tsugawa, MA, Shu Sakurai, MD, Yuta Inagawa, MD, Daisuke Hirose, MD, Yoshitsugu Kaneko, MD, Yusuke Ogawa, MD, Shuntaro Serisawa, MD, Naoto Takenoshita, MD, Hirofumi Sakurai, MD, Hidekazu Kanetaka, MD, Kentaro Hirao, MD, and Soichiro Shimizu, MD, published in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, Volume 77, Issue 2 (September 2020). The article is openly available at: content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-alzheimers-disease/jad200832.

Contact
For further information please contact Diana Murray, IOS Press (+1 718-640-5678 or d.murray@iospress.com). To reach the authors for comment please contact corresponding author Soichiro Shimizu (+81-3-3342-6111 or soichiro@tokyo-med.ac.jp). For questions about the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, please contact George Perry (+1 210-458-8660 or george.perry@utsa.edu).

About the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
Now in its 23rd year of publication, the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease (JAD) is an international multidisciplinary journal to facilitate progress in understanding the etiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, genetics, behavior, treatment, and psychology of Alzheimer's disease. The journal publishes research reports, reviews, short communications, book reviews, and letters-to-the-editor. Groundbreaking research that has appeared in the journal includes novel therapeutic targets, mechanisms of disease, and clinical trial outcomes. JAD has a 2019 Journal Impact Factor of 3.909 according to Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate, 2020). It is published by IOS Press. j-alz.com

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